Phosphate on, rubbish out

Intracellular signalling: Sphingosine-1-phosphate branches out

Recent studies indicate that sphingosine-1-phosphate - known to be an important signalling molecule in animal cells - is involved in Ca(2+)-dependent signalling in yeast and higher plants, raising the likelihood that it is a universal signalling molecule with a diverse range of functions in eukaryotes.

Satellite DNA in Plants: More than Just Rubbish.

For decades, satellite DNAs have been the hidden part of genomes. Initially considered as junk DNA, there is currently an increasing appreciation of the functional significance of satellite DNA repeats and of their sequences. Satellite DNA families accumulate in the heterochromatin in different parts of the eukaryotic chromosomes, mainly in pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions, but they als...

"Inside-out" signaling of sphingosine-1-phosphate: therapeutic targets.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite involved in many critical cellular processes including proliferation, survival, and migration, as well as angiogenesis and allergic responses. S1P levels inside cells are tightly regulated by the balance between its synthesis by sphingosine kinases and degradation. S1P is interconvertible with ceramide, which is a critical med...

Disposal of Night-Soil and Rubbish by Compost System

Rubbish DNA: The functionless fraction of the human genome

Because genomes are products of natural processes rather than " intelligent design, " all genomes contain functional and nonfunctional parts. The fraction of the genome that has no biological function is called " rubbish DNA. " Rubbish DNA consists of " junk DNA, " i.e., the fraction of the genome on which selection does not operate, and " garbage DNA, " i.e., sequences that lower the fitness o...